1.引言
        1. Introduction
        　　近年来，建筑行业已逐渐成为我国经济发展的支柱产业之一，随之国家出台了一系列旨在保证建筑从业人员人身安全的法律法规及相关的安全生产条例。伴随着这些法规条例的逐步完善，施工安全事故发生率明显下降，使得建筑行业得到长足发展。但是由于建筑施工条件的特殊性，空中作业高度高、强度大，立体作业交叉，施工人员文化层次参差不齐，导致施工现场危险性大，不安全因素错综复杂。
        In recent years, the construction industry has gradually become one of pillar industries of China’s economic development, with the country issued a series of aims to ensure that construction workers safety and related laws and regulations of production safety regulations. With these regulation gradually improve, the construction safety accident rates declined obviously, make construction industry get rapid development. But due to the particularity of the construction condition, the air operation level is high, the strength is big, three-dimensional cross, construction personnel and cultural level is uneven, lead to the construction site risk big, the unsafe factors is complex.
        　　建筑机械设备管理乃是施工项目安全管理的重中之重。在建筑机械设备使用过程中，因操作不当、机械设备故障及其流动性作业等诸多原因引起的人身伤害事故屡屡发生，给企业经营和行业健康发展造成极为不良的影响。因此，加强施工现场机械管理极其紧迫和必要。
        Construction machinery equipment management is the key of the construction project safety management. In the construction machinery and equipment in use process, and its liquidity operations due to improper operation, mechanical equipment fault caused by many reasons, such as personal injury accidents frequently occur, for enterprise operation and healthy development of the industry is extremely bad impact. Therefore, in order to strengthen the management of construction site mechanical extremely urgent and necessary.
        2.机械伤害典型案例分析
        2. Mechanical damage analysis of typical cases
        2.1 人货梯吊笼出轨
        2.1 one cargo lift crane cage to cheat
        　　某市框架剪力墙结构办公楼工程，垂直运输外用电梯由出租公司自行组织安装。人货梯安装前未编制专项施工方案，且安装完成后未按规定进行检查验收，导致漏装上限位碰铁及安全钩错装等问题未能及时发现整改。司机李某接班后麻痹大意擅自离岗，一名电工未经同意擅自启动电梯，运行至13层时发生冒顶出轨坠落，导致2死1重伤的伤亡事故。
        One frame shear wall structure building engineering, vertical transportation for external use elevator organize by the rental company to install. One cargo lift before the installation is not prepare special construction scheme, and the installation after the completion of the acceptance inspection, not according to stipulations in packing cap a touch iron and safety problem such as hook misloading failed to timely find the rectification. Driver li mou succession paralysis after leave without authorization, an electrician to start the elevator without agreed, run to the 13th floor roof caving to cheat during fall, cause 2 die 1 seriously injuries.
        　　造成此次事故的主要原因是上限位碰铁漏装、安全钩错装，吊笼运行至顶部后继续运行、出轨，导致事故发生。次要原因是电梯司机擅自离岗，未将其拉闸上锁，给他人留下开动电梯的隐患。电工自恃对电器有所了解心存侥幸，无证驾驶盲目操作。总承包单位监管缺失，未能对不具备安装资质的出租公司加以制止，且在其操作过程中无视未编制安全方案和安装后未检测验收等情况，虽经监理单位书面提出整改，但始终没有引起总包和分包单位的高度重视。
        The main cause of the accident is the limit a touch iron packing, safety hook misloading, hanging cage after running to the top to continue running, infidelity, lead to accidents. Secondary reason is that the elevator driver unauthorised absences, not the switch lock, leaving others to start the hidden trouble of the lift. Electrician self-reliance with appliances for granted, blind operation of driving without a license. Overall contractor supervision flaw, has failed to do not have installation qualification of the rental company to stop, and it is safe to ignore not compiled in its operating process scheme and unchecked acceptance after installation, etc., are put forward rectification in writing by the supervision unit, but never has drawn great attention of the contractor and subcontractors.
        2.2 卷扬机拉筋伤人
        2.2 hoist brace cuts
        　　某现浇钢筋混凝土框架结构商业楼工程主体施工中，现场钢筋加工棚内一台慢速卷扬机用作冷拉盘圆钢筋，与冷拉钢筋位于同一轴线的卷扬机前未设置安全防护网。卷扬机操作工候某，请假外出，项目部钢筋工负责人安排刚刚进场的钢筋工胡某操作卷扬机。事发当日，为便于观察远端钢筋操作情况，将卷扬机倒顺操作开关握于手中，未戴安全帽胡某走出工棚进行操作。一根处于冷拉过程中的钢筋因受力过大突然崩断，卷扬机方向断掉的剩余钢筋反弹，直接冲向胡某的头部。胡某躲闪不及，被击中后当场倒地。后因无安全帽防护头部伤势严重，经抢救无效后死亡。
        Totaling a cast-in-situ reinforced concrete frame structure engineering subject construction, the steel processing and heat a slow winch used for cold drawn wire rod steel, and cold drawn steel bar located on the same shaft hoist is not set before the security fence. Winch operator wait one, ask for leave to go out, work arrangement, director of projects department steel just approach of reinforcing steel bar worker Hu Mou hoist operation. That day, to facilitate observation, distal bar operations will hoist reversing operation switch in his hand, was not wearing a helmet Hu Mou operated out of the shed. A root is in the process of cold drawn steel due to excessive force suddenly broke, hoist direction of residual broken steel rebound, rushed to the head of the Hu Mou directly. Hu Mou nature, fell down on the spot after being hit. Because there was no safety helmet protective suffered severe head injuries, after the rescue invalid after death.
        　　卷扬机拉筋伤人事故直接原因为：1)卷扬机操作者未经培训仓促上岗，没有操作卷扬机拉直钢筋的能力而造成钢筋拉断；2)卷扬机操作者违规作业，手持操控开关站在防护棚外操作，失去了应有的保护；3)卷扬机操作者未按规定配戴安全帽，深化了事故的后果。事故间接原因为：1）卷扬机使用中中途换人，新工人进场不久，在未接受安全教育和岗前培训的情况下匆忙上岗；2）施工现场必要的安全防护不到位，卷扬机前未设置安全防护网；3）施工项目部安全意识淡薄，早在几年前国家就明令禁用倒顺开关，属于淘汰产品，依然出现在卷扬机的操控中，客观导致操作者离开防护棚；4）施工现场没有专职安全人员，未能及时发现并纠正卷扬机操作中出现的违规操作。
        Hoist brace direct cause injuries to: 1) hoist operator without rush to work, without the ability to operate hoist straightening steel caused by the tensile steel; 2) hoist operators violate compasses operation, hand-held control switching station protection operation, the bird lost the due protection; 3) hoist operator to wear safety helmet, not according to stipulations to deepen the consequences of the accident. Indirect accident reason is: 1) the hoist in use to change horses in the middle of the stream, new workers come in soon, in the case of not accept safety education and pre-service training under the busy work; 2) the construction site the necessary safety protection does not reach the designated position, hoist is not set before the security fence; 3) the construction projects safety consciousness, as early as a few years before the country has to disable the reversing switch, belong to eliminate product, still appeared in the hoist control, objective cause the operator to leave protective shed; 4) no full-time security personnel on the construction site, failed to timely discover and correct irregularities in hoist operation.

        3.施工机械设备管理存在的问题
        3. The problems existing in the construction machinery and equipment management
        3.1 安全生产管理费用不到位
        3.1 safety production management fee does not reach the designated position
        　　建筑市场竞争日益激烈，某些建筑商为拿到工程不惜恶意压价，导致利润空间缩小，加上安全意识淡薄，用于安全生产的经费空间被挤压。中标后用于安全生产的必要设备、器材、工具等无力购置，于是一省再省一拖再拖，致使施工现场十分混乱，大大增加了安全事故隐患爆发的可能性。
        Construction market competition increasingly fierce, some builders to get at malicious demand, lead to profit space narrow, plus the safety consciousness, funds for safe production of space will be squeezed. After the bid for safe production of the necessary equipment, equipment, tools, such as to afford, so a province again drag on, led to the construction site is very chaotic, greatly increase the possibility of outbreak of safety accidents.
        3.2 安全人员设置不健全
        3.2 security personnel set up is not sound
        　　当前不少施工现场配备的管理人员只有项目经理、工长、技术员等两三人管理现场。每人身兼数职，大部分精力和责任都用于关注工程质量、工程进度和材料的采购进出库，没有完整的安全管理组织机构，安监分工不定、责任不明。更有甚者，施工现场没有专职的安全员，安全监察无从谈起。
        Currently many of the construction site is equipped with project manager, foreman, technicians and other two or three people management field. Every professional life is the number, most of his energy and responsibility to pay close attention to project quality, construction schedule and material purchasing and outbound, no complete safety management organizations, safety division of labor, responsibility is unknown. What’s more, no full-time security officer on the construction site, safety supervision.
        3.3 缺乏安全教育培训制度
        3.3 lack of safety education and training
        　　虽然有些施工现场也设有一些制度牌、安全标识等，但并没有真正起到安全教育和安全警示的作用。很多只是为了应付安全检查，甚者施工人员连安全标识的意义都不懂，安全施工流于形式，因此加强对技术工人和工程管理人员的安全知识培训，理应当成为施工企业的当务之急。
        Although some construction site also has some system card, security identity, etc., but didn’t really have the effect of safety education and safety warning. What a lot just to cope with the safety inspection of the construction personnel don’t even know the meaning of security identity, safety construction become a mere formality, so to strengthen the safety of technical workers and engineering management personnel training, construction enterprise should be as the priority.
        3.4 设备租赁双方管理脱节
        3.4 equipment leasing management between both sides
        　　目前建筑企业的施工设备主要有三个渠道：1)施工企业自有设备；2)施工人员自带设备；3)从租赁公司租赁的设备。目前租赁市场中，各承租企业较多注意大型设备的管理，双方的租赁合同也将责任义务划分得比较清楚。相对一些小型设备、专用设备，明显重视度不够，但往往是这些小型设备使用频率高、周期短。由于这些被租赁的小型设备的所有权、使用权分分离，而租赁公司又未配备固定操作人员，设备使用、维护、保养不力。为降低成本，施工单位对其睁一只眼闭一只眼，“将就”的侥幸心态严重。而租赁公司则认为设备在租赁期间的维护保养是属于施工企业的义务，理应由施工企业负责，这就形成设备的管理出现的真空地带。
        The construction enterprise construction equipment there are three main channels: 1) the construction enterprise has its own device; 2) construction personnel to bring their own equipment; 3) from the leasing company leasing of equipment. Currently leasing market, each tenant is more pay attention to the large equipment management, leasing contract between the two sides also divided the responsibility more clearly. Relatively small equipment, special equipment, attention degree is not enough, but often be these small devices use frequency is high, the cycle is short. Because these are small equipment leasing separation of the ownership, right to the use of points, and have not equipped with fixed operating personnel leasing company, equipment use, maintenance, maintenance. To reduce cost, the construction unit to turn a blind eye, “will” fluke mentality. And rental company thinks that during the leasing of equipment maintenance is belongs to the duty of construction enterprises, construction enterprises should be responsible for, this will form a vacuum equipment management.
        4.加强机械设备管理
        4. Strengthen the management of mechanical equipment
        4.1 建立健全机械设备管理机制
        4.1 establishing and perfecting the management mechanism of mechanical equipment
        　　要切实加强施工中机械设备管理的基础工作，确立行之有效的管理规章制度并将其落实到基层工作岗位。各种机械都须严格实行定人、定机、定岗、定责制度，严格确定奖惩制度，落实设备的使用、保养、维护等各个环节责任。这样才有利于设备操作人员的正确操作和安全使用，增强其责任感，防止机械伤害事故的发生。
        To strengthen the construction of the mechanical equipment management foundation work, establish rules and regulations and implement effective management to the grass-roots work. All machinery must strictly implement system of a person, machine, create positions, the proportional amount, strictly determine the rewards and punishment system, to carry out the equipment use, maintenance, maintenance responsibility. So that is conducive to equipment operators of correct operation and safe use, enhance their sense of responsibility, to prevent mechanical damage accidents.
        4.2 加强培训教育工作
        4.2 strengthen the training education work
        　　对机械设备操作人员要加强培训教育，定期开展相关培训，力求操作人员懂得设备的用途、结构、技术性能、使用维护要点、故障排除方法等基本知识，使其做到正确使用、维护设备。应该做到操作人员会检修设备，检修人员会操作设备，并做到持证上岗、定期检查。
        For mechanical equipment operation personnel must strengthen the education training, regularly carry out related training, operators to understand the purpose of the equipment, structure, main technical performance, use, maintenance, troubleshooting method basic knowledge, such as the correct use and maintenance equipment. Should be staff will repair equipment operation, maintenance personnel can operate equipment, and related certificates and check regularly.
        5.结论
        5. Conclusion
        　　机械设备安全管理是工程项目安全管理的重中之重，乃是关系到企业健康发展的大事，施工企业的管理者要予以高度重视。一般安全事故造成经济的损失至少为工程直接费的5% 以上，而安全管理投入的费用约占3%，且重大事故还会造成人身伤害。事故的发生不仅会造成经济损失，另一方面也会在社会上对企业形象造成不良影响。施工中要把安全生产管理制度化、系统化，不要因侥幸心理而因小失大，普及机械设备安全管理的必要性。
        Mechanical equipment safety management is the key of the project safety management, but is related to the healthy development of the company, managers of construction enterprises must be highly valued. General safety accidents caused economic losses of at least 5% of the engineering fee directly above, and the investment in safety management cost accounts for about 3%, and the serious accident will cause personal injury. Accidents not only cause economic loss, on the other hand also adverse effects on the corporate image in society. To make safety production in construction management institutionalized, systematic, don’t be penny wise and pound foolish by fluky psychology, popularize the necessity of the mechanical equipment safety management.
   

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